Taekwondo Technical Manual“Taek won is the art of kicking and punching Taek won DO is choosing the correct path in life.”, 9 th Dan,President of the World Taekwonmudo AcademyA flower without roots will die. A martial artist’s roots are his/her master’s guidance and teachings. Without this special bond of loyalty martial art knowledge cannot be passed on in its entirety and will die along with those that possess it.Everything in this manual has been passed down from Grand Master Kim Yong Ho, 9 th Dan, both in person and through my own Master’s teachings. I am honoured to now try and pass my Mudo (spirit of the martial art) knowledge onto you so that you can try and do the same so the true martial art spirit will never die.Katey Wallace, 5 th DanKim Chung Do Kwan, EnglandIntroduction: Brief Explanation Of TaekwondoTaekwondo is a martial art originating from the days of tribal communities on the Korea Peninsula.
It was developed over 2,000 years ago amongst the tribes as a means of preserving their own life and race as well as building both physical and mental strength.Literally translated Tae Kwon Do means ‘the way of the fist and foot.’The most important part of the word is ‘Do’ as this translated means ‘the correct way.’ Learning to kick and punch are only physical attributes. By practicing Do and the principles of Taekwondo, students become overall martial artists both physically and mentally. Hence, Tae Kwon DO, DO jang, Mu DO, DO bok, Pal Chung DO, Do has relevance in everything we learn.Taekwondo if learnt correctly is a very technical martial art which results in students learning how to generate maximum power in relation to their size and build. Although Taekwondo practitioners perform a lot of upper body techniques such as blocking and striking, what differentiates Taekwondo from other martial arts is its superior kicking techniques. However, depending on age and ability not everyone is expected to have superior kicking skill. Taekwondo is truly for anyone who wants to practice.
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See also:Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks. To facilitate fast, turning kicks, taekwondo generally adopts stances that are narrower and hence less-stable than the broader, wide stances used by martial arts such as. The tradeoff of decreased stability is believed to be worth the commensurate increase in agility, particularly in Kukkiwon-style taekwondo.
Theory of powerThe emphasis on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi's Theory of Power. Choi based his understanding of power on and as well as Chinese martial arts. For example, Choi observed that the power of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the strike, but increases only linearly with the mass of the striking object. In other words, speed is more important than size in terms of generating power. This principle was incorporated into the early design of taekwondo and is still used.Choi also advocated a relax/strike principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique.
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It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the sine wave technique.
This involves raising one's center of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term 'sine wave' is derived.The sine wave is generally practiced, however, only in schools that follow ITF-style taekwondo. Kukkiwon-style taekwondo, for example, does not employ the sine wave and advocates a more uniform height during movements, drawing power mainly from the rotation of the hip.The components of the Theory of Power include:. Reaction Force - the principle that as the striking limb is brought forward, other parts of the body should be brought backward in order to provide more power to the striking limb. An example of aA taekwondo student typically wears a uniform ( dobok 도복), often white but sometimes black (or other colors), with a belt tied around the waist. White uniforms are considered the traditional color and are encouraged for use at formal ceremonies such as belt tests and promotions. Colored uniforms are often reserved for special teams (such as demonstration teams or leadership teams) or higher-level instructors. There are at least two major styles of dobok, with the most obvious differences being in the style of jacket: (1) the cross-over front jacket (ITF style), (2) the V-neck or Y-neck jackets (no cross-over) typically worn by Kukkiwon/WTF practitioners.
White uniforms in the Kukkiwon/WTF tradition will typically be white throughout the jacket (black along the collars for dan grades), while ITF-style uniforms are trimmed with a black border along the bottom of the jacket (for dan grades).The belt color and any insignia thereon indicate the student's rank. Different clubs and schools use different color schemes for belts. In general, the darker the color, the higher the rank. Taekwondo is traditionally performed in bare feet, although martial arts training shoes may sometimes be worn.When sparring, padded equipment is worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. For this reason, ITF sparring often employs only light-contact sparring.
In the Kukkiwon/WTF tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called homyun are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn.The school or place where instruction is given is called the (도장, doh'-jang). Specifically, the term dojang refers to the area within the school in which martial arts instruction takes place; the word dojang is sometimes translated as gymnasium. In common usage the term dojang is often used to refer to the school as a whole.
Modern dojangs often incorporate padded flooring, often incorporating red-and-blue patterns in the flooring to reflect the colors of the symbol. Some dojangs have wooden flooring instead. The dojang is usually decorated with items such as flags, banners, belts, instructional materials, and traditional Korean calligraphy.The grandmaster of the dojang is called a gwanjangnim (관장님, gwon'-jong-nim); the master (senior instructor or head of dojang) is called sabeomnim (사범님, sah'-bum-nim); the instructor is called gyosannim (교사님, gyoh'-sah-nim); and the assistant instructor is called jogyonim (조교님, joh'-gyoh-nim).
Styles and organizations. A 'family tree' illustrating how the five original kwans gave rise to multiple styles of taekwondo.There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style.
Exhibition of taekwondo students at theTaekwondo ranks vary from style to style and are not standardized. Typically, these ranks are separated into 'junior' and 'senior' sections, colloquially referred to as 'color belts' and 'black belts'. The junior section of ranks - the 'color belt' ranks - are indicated by the Korean word 급 (also Romanized as gup or kup). Practitioners in these ranks generally wear belts ranging in color from white (the lowest rank) to red or brown (higher ranks, depending on the style of taekwondo). Belt colors may be solid, or may include a colored stripe on a solid background.
The number of geup ranks varies depending on the style, typically ranging between 8 and 12 geup ranks. The numbering sequence for geup ranks usually begins at the larger number for white belts, and then counts down to '1st geup' as the highest color-belt rank.The senior section of ranks - the ' ranks - is typically made up of nine ranks. Each rank is called a 단 or 'degree' (as in 'third dan' or 'third-degree black belt'). The numbering sequence for dan ranks is opposite that of geup ranks: numbering begins at 1st dan (the lowest black-belt rank) and counts upward for higher ranks. A practitioner's degree is sometimes indicated on the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods.Some styles incorporate an additional rank between the geup and dan levels, called the 'bo-dan' rank - essentially, a candidate rank for black belt promotion. Additionally, the Kukkiwon/WTF-style of taekwondo recognizes a 'poom' rank for practitioners under the age of 15: these practitioners have passed dan-level tests but will not receive dan-level rank until age 15.
At age 15, their poom rank is considered to transition to equivalent dan rank automatically. In some schools, holders of the poom rank wear a half-red/half-black belt rather than a solid black belt.To advance from one rank to the next, students typically complete promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the various aspects of the art before their teacher or a panel of judges. Promotion tests vary from school to school, but may include such elements as the execution of patterns, which combine various techniques in specific sequences; the breaking of boards to demonstrate the ability to use techniques with both power and control; sparring and self-defense to demonstrate the practical application and control of techniques; physical fitness usually with push-ups and sit-ups; and answering questions on terminology, concepts, and history to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the art. For higher dan tests, students are sometimes required to take a written test or submit a research paper in addition to taking the practical test.Promotion from one geup to the next can proceed rapidly in some, since schools often allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, and then move on to more advanced techniques as they approach first dan. Many of the older and more traditional schools often take longer to allow students to test for higher ranks than newer, more contemporary schools, as they may not have the required testing intervals. In contrast, promotion from one dan to the next can take years.
In fact, some styles impose age or time-in-rank limits on dan promotions. For example, the number of years between one dan promotion to the next may be limited to a minimum of the practitioner's current dan-rank, so that (for example) a 5th dan practitioner must wait 5 years to test for 6th dan.Black belt ranks may have titles associated with them, such as 'master' and 'instructor', but taekwondo organizations vary widely in rules and standards when it comes to ranks and titles.
What holds true in one organization may not hold true in another, as is the case in many systems. For example, achieving first dan ( black belt) ranking with three years' training might be typical in one organization, but considered too quick in another organization, and likewise for other ranks.
Similarly, the title for a given dan rank in one organization might not be the same as the title for that dan rank in another organization.In the, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called Boosabum (assistant instructor), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called Sabum (instructor), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called Sahyun (master), and those holding 9th dan are called Saseong (grandmaster). This system does not, however, necessarily apply to other taekwondo organizations.In the American Taekwondo Association, instructor designations are separate from rank. Black belts may be designated as an instructor trainee (red collar), specialty trainer (red and black collar), certified trainer (black-red-black collar) and certified instructor (black collar). After a one-year waiting period, instructors who hold a sixth dan are eligible for the title of Master.
Seventh dan black belts are eligible for the title Senior Master and eighth dan black belts are eligible for the title Chief Master.In the Kukkiwon/WTF-style students holding 1st-3rd dan are considered an Instructor, but generally have much to learn. Students who hold a 4th - 6th dan are considered Masters. Those who hold a 7th - 9th dan are considered Grandmasters. This rank also holds an age requirement of 40+. In this style, a 10th dan rank is sometimes awarded posthumously for practitioners with a lifetime of demonstrable contributions to the practice of taekwondo. Historical influences.
Sparring in a taekwondo classTaekwondo competition typically involves, and self-defense ( hosinsul). In Olympic taekwondo competition, however, only sparring (using WTF competition rules) is performed.There are two kinds of competition sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored. Sparring involves a Hogu, or a chest protector, which muffles any kick's damage to avoid serious injuries. Helmets and other gear is provided as well. Though other systems may vary, a common point system works like this: One point for a regular kick to the Hogu, two for a turning behind kick, three for a back kick, and four for a spinning kick to the head.
World Taekwondo Federation. Official WTF trunk protector ( ), forearm guards and shin guardsUnder World Taekwondo Federation and Olympic rules, sparring is a event and takes place between two competitors in an area measuring 8 meters square. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout).
Each match consists of three semi-continuous rounds of contact, with one minute rest between rounds. Competitors must wear a, head protector, shin pads, foot socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup (males only). Many large tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WTF, including the Olympics, use electronic hogus, electronic foot socks, and electronic head protectors.Points are awarded for permitted, accurate, and powerful techniques delivered to the legal scoring areas; light contact does not score any points.
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The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle) and punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist). In most competitions, points are awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. Several A-Class tournaments, however, are now experimenting with electronic scoring equipment contained within the competitors' body protectors. This limits corner judges to scoring only attacks to the head. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system will help to reduce controversy concerning judging decisions, but this technology is still not universally accepted.Beginning in 2009, a kick or punch that makes contact with the opponent's (the body guard that functions as a scoring target) scores one point.
(The trunk protector is referred to as a momtong pohodae 몸통 보호대 or trunk guard in the WTF rules.) If a kick to the hogu involves a technique that includes fully turning the attacking competitor's body, so that the back is fully exposed to the targeted competitor during execution of the technique (spinning kick), three points are awarded. A kick to the head scores three points; as of October 2010 an additional point is awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. Punches to the head are not allowed. As of March 2010, no additional points are awarded for knocking down an opponent (beyond the normal points awarded for legal strikes).The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties are divided into 'Kyong-go' (warning penalty) and 'Gam-jeom' (deduction penalty). Two 'Kyong-go' are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. However, the final odd-numbered 'Kyong-go' is not counted in the grand total.At the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match.
In the event of a tie, a fourth 'sudden death' overtime round, sometimes called a 'Golden Point', is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials or number of fouls committed during that round.Until 2008, if one competitor gained a 7-point lead over the other, or if one competitor reached a total of 12 points, then that competitor was immediately declared the winner and the match ended. These rules were abolished by the WTF at the start of 2009. Common styles of ITF point sparring equipmentThe 's sparring rules are similar to the WTF's rules, but differ in several aspects. Hand attacks to the head are allowed.
The scoring system is:. 1 point for: Punch to the body or head.
2 points for: Jumping kick to the body or kick to the head. 3 points for: Jumping kick to the head. The competition area may vary between 10×10 meters and 20×20 meters in international championships.Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points.A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Excessive contact are generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any competitor with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (although these rules vary between ITF organizations). At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time), the competitor with more scoring techniques wins.Fouls in ITF sparring include: attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or intentional attack to a target other than the opponent.ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights). Other organizations(AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.Apart from WTF and ITF tournaments, major taekwondo competitions (all featuring WTF taekwondo only) include:.Taekwondo is also an optional sport at the.
Korean Taekwondo Vocabulary. Some common taekwondo terminology and parts of the bodyIn taekwondo schools - even outside Korea - commands and vocabulary are often used. May be used as prompts for commands or for counting repetition exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the same name.
As one example, in Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo, the term ap seogi refers to an upright walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, front stance. Long Beach Press-Telegram. 2005. Sik, Kang Won; Lee Kyong Myung (1999). A Modern History of Taekwondo.
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Seoul: Osung. 9504. Capener, Steven D.; H. Edward Kim (ed.) (2000). Korea: Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Korea. Korea has a long history of martial arts stretching well back into ancient times. Written historical records from the early days of the Korean peninsula are sparse, however, there are a number of well-preserved archeological artifacts that tell stores of Korea’s early martial arts.'
, 'taekwondo leaders started to experiment with a radical new system that would result in the development of a new martial sport different from anything ever seen before. This new martial sport would bear some important similarities to the traditional Korean game of taekkyon.
Seth, Michael J. A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9160. Cummings, B. Korea's Place in the Sun.
New York, NY: W.W. Norton. Park, S. (1993): About the author. Choi: Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd ed.
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Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation. Glen R. Morris. Cook, Doug (2006). 'Chapter 3: The Formative Years of Taekwondo'. Traditional Taekwondo: Core Techniques, History and Philosophy. Boston: YMAA Publication Center.
978-1-59439-066-1. (1999). The Condensed Encyclopedia Fifth Edition. Archived from on 2009-09-18.
Young Choi's father sent him to study calligraphy under one of the most famous teachers in Korea, Mr. Han, in addition to his skills as a calligrapher, was also a master of taekkyeon, the ancient Korean art of foot fighting. The teacher, concerned over the frail condition of his new student, began teaching him the rigorous exercises of taekkyeon to help build up his body. S. Benko, James. The Tenants Of Tae Kwon Do.
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Gomez, Brian (August 23, 2009). The Gazette. Archived from on 26 December 2010. World Taekwondo Federation (Oct 7, 2010): (7 October 2010, pp. Retrieved on 27 November 2010.
World Taekwondo Federation. Retrieved 2016-04-30. Itf-information.com. ITF World Junior & Senior Tournament Rules - Rules and Regulations. Retrieved 2015-06-13.has media related to.